1 week Ago By Laura Baisas
The that flew across prehistoric skies while walked the Earth came in all shapes and sizes. Some, like , while other earlier pterosaurs had a more dainty 6.5 feet wide wingspan like a modern .
Now, a newly discovered pterosaur species is helping explain this leap from a smaller to larger wingspan size and other physical changes. is described in a For paleontologists, shows how these winged reptiles may have changed over time. means “sword tail from Bavaria,” because it was discovered in southern Germany and it has a very unusual short, stiff, and pointed tail–similar to a sword.
The specimen is complete, meaning nearly every single bone is preserved. Importantly, the bones are also preserved in three dimensions, where most pterosaurs tend to be crushed flat over time. When it lived, it would have been about the size of a golden eagle with a wingspan of about 6.
5 meters. For 200 years, paleontologists split the pterosaurs into two major groups. The smaller and earlier and the later and much bigger .
Early pterosaurs sported short heads on short necks, a short bone in the wrist of the wing, a long fifth toe on the foot, and long tails. The later pterodactyloids had the opposite–large heads on long necks, a long wrist, short fifth toe and short tail. Which parts of their body changed and when remained a mystery.
In the 2010s, paleontologists found several . The specimens revealed that the head and neck changed first before the rest of the body. The darwinopterans were a solid example of an intermediate that bridged an evolutionary gap.
However, even with this bridge, we didn’t really know what was going on before or after these changes. The bones reveal these changes. On an evolutionary timeline, sits between these earlier darwinopterans and the pterodactyloids.
It has a very pterodactyloid-like head and neck, but also has a longer wrist and a shorter toe and tail than earlier darwinopterans, but these are not as long as we see in the later pterodactyloids. Along with the discovery of a completely new species, comes a . shows a middle position on the family tree, but also reveals that a between the early pterosaurs and the first darwinopterans.
The discovery means that paleontologists now have a complete sequence of pterosaur evolution–early pterosaurs to , to the first darwinopterans to , to the pterodactyloids. Even though not every pterosaur specimen ever found is quite as complete as we can now . Both and are , which suggests that the changes that allowed the pterodactlyoids to reach enormous sizes were already appearing in these transitional species.
“This is an incredible find. It really helps us piece together how these amazing flying animals lived and evolved,” study co-author and Queen Mary University of London paleontologist David Hone . “Hopefully this study will be the basis for more work in the future on this important evolutionary transition.
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